A rubidium standard, or rubidium atomic clock, is a high accuracy frequency and time standard, usually accurate to within a few parts in 10 11. This is still several orders of magnitude less than some ...

The versatile phase-locked loop (PLL) allows multiplication of a reference frequency with an operating frequency that ranges from “DC to daylight.” A PLL is overkill for some applications, however, ...

In this paper an All Digital phase locked loop is proposed. This PLL can accomplish faster phase lock. Additionally, the functions of frequency comparator and phase detector have been improved and are ...

You all will be familiar of basic comparator using a Op-Amp circuit. So today we will show you how to move a trip point of a Op-Amp comparator circuit. Maybe many of people already know this, but ...

Accurate timing is one of the most basic requirements for so much of the technology we take for granted, yet how many of us pause to consider the component that ...

One of the most challenging tasks in analog circuit design is to adapt a functional block to ever new CMOS process technology. For digital circuits the number of gates per square mm approx. doubles ...

I had never heard of the 74HCT9046 phase-locked loop before a fortnight ago, and now I own one. To my shame, it was apparently released by Phillips (now Nexperia) around 20 years ago – that said, the ...

HIGH microwave frequencies may, with advantage, be measured by utilizing electron and proton paramagnetic resonances in a common magnetic field. For this purpose the free radical diphenyl ...